nickel slag composition

Nickel-Steel Alloy. that for every ton of copper 2.2 ton of slag is produced (Gorai and Jana, 2003). The future work of developing this type of work should be focused on (1) the long-term properties of the deriving materials; (2) the match between raw materials and the activator and process, which requires a database for various materials; and (3) the recommended manufacturing and application based on the database. When formed at one temperature and then deformed at a lower one, it regains its original form when reheated. You can also choose from building material shops, manufacturing plant, and construction works nickel slag, as well as from 1 year, 3 months, and 2 years nickel slag, and whether nickel slag … Smelting of nickel sulfide ores yields a matte in which nickel and copper make up about 15 percent, iron about 50 percent, and sulfur the rest; the iron is removed in a converting furnace, and the sulfides of copper and nickel are separated before being reduced to the metals. Zinc slags have also been used in producing hybrid cements comprising 12 wt.% Portland clinker and 88 wt.% BFS plus zinc slag,87 which presented comparable performance to that of conventional Portland cements when exposed to 0.1 N HCl, sodium sulfate or seawater. The produced concentrates are smelted to remove volatile and other impurities and by further purification of the copper melt from the smelter, a primary form of the metal, known as blister copper is derived. HMNS particles can work as microaggregates in AAC binders. An industrial solid-waste HMNS generated by pyrometallurgical production of nickel is attempted in the manufacture of fly ash–based AACs through an alkali activation technique. Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag samples BOF-1, BOF-2, and BOF-3 with nominal particle size of 20 mm (16–20 mm) have disruption ratios of 3%, 2%, and 5%, respectively, after an autoclave disruption test. The chemical composition of nickel slag is presented in Table 3.3. Compressive strength (MPa) of the alkali-activated nonferrous slag cements hardened in natural conditions vs. quality index and type of alkaline activator, Maria Criado, ... Susan A. Bernal, in Sustainable and Nonconventional Construction Materials using Inorganic Bonded Fiber Composites, 2017, Zinc slag production follows a comparable process to that described above for copper and nickel slags. Thus, membrane selection is a critical factor for the performance of this technology. Taking into account the great quantity of slag produced per year, the recovery of nickel from the EAF slag will add benefits to the entire process. Composite samples of AC slag and EP slag were obtained after they were crushed by using laboratory jaw crushers. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The R value is an important factor in evaluating the overall stability of slag aggregate in various matrices where slag is incorporated and in developing criteria for usability of slag in constrained conditions. Table 12.3. Particles that do not exhibit any cracking or disruption are considered to be good; particles that partially crack are fair; and particles that completely crack, fail, or soften are considered poor. J. Labrincha, ... J.L. However, these test methods only provide comparative results between different slag samples. Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in nonferrous slag. The slag was ground to 88.16% (mass fraction) passing 0.075 mm by wet screen sizing test for making briquettes. Prederiy, I. This production is accompanied by large amounts of copper-nickel slag discharge and accumulation and thus has become an urgent concern [ 1 So a nickel is made of some nickel, but mostly, a nickel is made of copper. Table 14.15. In terms of chemical compositions, nickel slag is very siliceous that may contain up to 50–55% silica and has high magnesium content. Substances . (2011). Because fabricated nickel alloys are ordinarily used in high-temperature service and in aqueous corrosive environments, all slag should be removed from finished weldments. Nickel slag abrasive is a type of abrasive material used for blast cleaning. Thus, membrane selection is a critical factor for the performance of this technology. The range of chemical composition of the BOF slag samples (%), Table 12.2. Two nickel slag samples from a ferronickel smelter were tested to check the disruption ratio. The copper-nickel and PGM-(Platinum Group Metals) bearing concentrates produced in South Africa are smelted in electric furnaces. The gradations of coarse and fine AC and EP slags after crushing are summarized in Table 14.15. Because Eq. Nickel-Steel alloy is the most important among all the steel alloys due to its use in various places all around the world. The specific gravity of air-cooled nickel slag may be as high as 3.5, while the absorption is quite low as 0.37%. show that nickel and copper are finely disseminated in the iron silicate matrix, which makes the enrichment of nickel and copper difficult. It was estimated by Gorai et al. In terms of mineralogical properties, nickel slag, essentially made up of a major vitreous phase concentrated in the smallest particles and of a much lesser crystalline phase, is particularly present in the larger particles. This is a simple test and the information provided by the results is useful. Then, reduction of the metal ion via the process of smelting is accomplished with the roasted product dissolved in siliceous flux. estimated that 220–370 kg blast-furnace slag is produced per ton of produced iron (Proctor et al., 2000). It is at ~25 years of age. Elemental phosphorus in the EAF is added to flux materials to separate it from the phosphate-bearing rock. Expansion force readings for slag samples BOF-1, BOF-2, and BOF-3. Nickels are actually made mostly of copper. Fig. Table 5.2. As a result of the melting of nonferrous metals, iron and silicon are separated to form a silicon-based slag. Nonferrous slags are produced during the recovery and processing of nonferrous metal from primary and secondary raw materials. Its pseudo-pozzolanic properties are not greatly increased when it is added to mortar and concrete. (2000), Lavanya et al. Slag nikel merupakan agregat bahan sisa hasil pembuangan dari pembakaran dapur listrik yang dihasilkan oleh PT. %PDF-1.5 %���� Laboratory testing was carried out to determine the characteristics of the AC nickel slag, including physical and mechanical properties testing, petrographic examinations, and HMA mix designs. However, their environmental suitability, as well as their corrosion risk to buried utilities, which could have an impact on their service quality and public safety, must be evaluated. Nickel-Titanium Alloys. EC number: 266-968-3 | CAS number: 67711-92-6 Slag resulting from the smelting of a heterogeneous mixture of copper and precious metals from primary and secondary sources and plant reverts. However, the concern about its environmental suitability still needs to be addressed to confirm that CS, like iron and steel slags, is a safe and valuable resource. + FeO (Iron Oxide) 30-37% SiO. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The MgO addition significantly reduced the solubility of alumina in the slag and changed the primary spinel phase composition. In terms of chemical compositions, nickel slag is very siliceous that may contain up to 50–55% silica and has high magnesium content. The pressure cooker is sealed and then the water is heated to boiling at 1 atmosphere pressure. These tests examined four different methods of operation, in an attempt to … The I-index calculation is based on European Commission 1999; Radiation Protection 112; Radiological Protection Principles Concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials; and Directorate-General, Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection. Fig. Hollow fiber membrane is the most common type of membrane used as it has lower space requirements than other types of membranes and can achieve high performances. Data from Wang, G., Thompson, R., & Wang, Y. Nickel Slag Air-cooled nickel slag is brownish-black in color. In this section the technical properties of nonferrous slags (such as lead, nickel, and copper slag) that determine its use in construction materials are discussed. 1363 0 obj <>stream The percentages of the main oxides in zinc slag can vary in the following ranges: SiO2, 18–37 wt.%; Al2O3, 8–17 wt.%; CaO, 17–18 wt.%; Fe2O3, 11–35 wt.%; MgO, 1–4 wt.%; Na2O, 0.4–0.7 wt.%; MnO, 0.8–1.3 wt.%; ZnO, 9–10 wt.%; SO3, 1.1–1.4 wt.%.86,87. SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients . After initial processing (grinding), minerals are exposed to temperatures below their melting point. The “–” sign in the table indicates that there is no data available. Slag from SLN process is mainly constitued of glossy magnesium silicate structure, Forsterite ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) and Enstatite ((Mg,Fe)SiO3). The total volume of pores in the AAC binders turns to be lower and more macropores are formed as the content of HMNS increases. (2011). The use of pet-coke in the feed fuel mixtur e accounts for relatively high contents of Ni in the Puertollano IGCC slag. Basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed nickel slag. Mix proposition of the concrete containing steel/nickel slag coarse aggregate, Ravindra K. Dhir OBE, ... Chao Qun Lye, in Sustainable Construction Materials: Copper Slag, 2017. the chemical composition of furnace nickel slag . A nickel flash smelting furnace is initially used to obtain the valuable metal but the loss of nickel in the slag amounts to about 4 % and thus an electric slag-cleaning furnace has to be subsequently used to reduce the loss of the valuable metal to less than 0.5 % nickel oxide in the slag. "Slag cement" is also used at times to refer to a very specific material, as it is in ASTM Standards C2191 and C5952. Concrete containing steel slag coarse aggregate after autoclave testing. 3.1. The flux additives, whose role during this process is the removal of impurities, are mainly silica and carbon. A lot of information regarding the radiological properties of nonferrous slags is included in the IAEA Safety Report Series 49, 2006. The volume stability has been excellent under 3 h of autoclave testing at 357 kPa, 137°C, for the concrete specimens containing BOF-1 and BOF-2 samples. Its CAS number is 11110-39-7. It combines with the oxides to form silicates phases. The concrete specimens have shown high strength and acceptable volumetric stability. 2. 100 sieve). Dissolution of Valuable Metals from Nickel Smelter Slags by Means of High Pressure Oxidative Acid Leaching, Canada: University of Toronto. retained 16 mm (5/8 in. 12.11 shows a concrete slice containing BOF-2 slag after 3 h of autoclave testing at 357 kPa, 137°C. Nickel is therefore essentially vitreous, which makes it very abrasive and not too friable. Because nickel slag contains little lime and alumina, its hydration cannot generate the formation of silicate and hydrated lime alumina, which are the main elements responsible for the hydraulic properties of granulated blast furnace slag. 55% nickel-titanium alloy (UNS N01555) (also known as Nitinol) has shape-memory properties. The nominal particle size of the nickel slag is 25 mm. Gradations of nickel slag aggregate, Z. Zhang, ... H. Wang, in Handbook of Low Carbon Concrete, 2017. When the molar ratio of activator solutions is in the range of 1.2–2.0, the optimal dosage of HMNS is 20%, resulting in the highest compressive strength and the lowest linear drying shrinkage. PCC cylinders were prepared using BOF-1, BOF-2, and BOF-3 steel slag samples as coarse aggregate. Phosphorous slag is a by-product of the elemental phosphorus refining process. Otherwise the uranium minerals will remain within the tailings (Cooper, 2005). These include (i) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis; (ii) scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis; (iii) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, or XEDS); (iv) gamma-ray spectroscopy; (v) DTA; and (vi) autoclave treatment. 4.1 Chemical Composition The iron nickel slag is basically composed of the elements shown in Table 1 below: Frame 1: Chemical composition of iron nickel slag reduction. These values are the mean values of individual entries. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2(2208), 1–8. Fig. Hot-mix asphalt that contains nickel slag aggregate—Laboratory evaluation of use in highway construction. Table 5.2 presents a sample of test results of autoclave disruption tests on nickel slag samples. h�b```�%��:� ��ea�����p`FS'�mV��섙3gB����oqR�]W� (�[���#%{>G��r������0�I�`���@1�F(f`�c`X�:�1�ј�/�>�8�mL�LӘ&0=`�c���:ӕ$���A�������3�B`�3� �@;�=A&206 )y�`.�@� ��.� Dealing with non-ferrous slags, including copper, nickel and phosphorus slags, a report of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, 2012) states that the use of these high-stability and load-bearing capacity slags would generally exceed the relevant requirements of specifications for construction of embankments and fill, and thereby these materials can provide good load transfer to weaker subgrades. FHWA-RD-97-148. It crushes to angular particles but has a smooth and glassy texture. as shown in the T able 1. 6.7. The gradation analyses were carried out in accordance with the ASTM C136 test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate. After visual examination and petrographic analysis, a certain number (eg, 100 or 50) of slag particles from each size fraction are chosen and washed, and then placed into an autoclave to be treated for 1–3 h. The ratio of the number of slag particles cracked, powdered, or containing visually observed cracks after treatment to the total number of slag particles selected is defined as the particle-disruption ratio R. It is generally agreed that autoclave testing can accelerate the hydration of free lime and especially periclase, which has slow hydration rate. Autoclave disruption test for air-cooled nickel slag. %%EOF Table 7.23. This distinction is quite visible to the naked eye, and it is possible to see both torn particles that look like broken glass and large, soft, friable particles with honeycomb-like surfaces. It crushes to angular particles but has a smooth, glassy texture. Slag nikel PT. Washington, DC: FHWA; Wang, G., Thompson, R., & Wang, Y. 2. 3. A complete composition and characteriza tion of the slag produced are reported elsewhere [5]. In addition, the FHWA (2012) states that CS can also provide good resistance to freeze–thaw attack and frost attack because of its excellent soundness and drainage properties. Technical Data: Fe. ); and passing 9.5 mm retained 4.75 mm. T. Kovacs, ... R. Doherty, in Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, 2017. ��F�T�p�mD�V�8"F3"�g8��3�(a���Xπ��PMkЗ9Cc9K��^3"�8/��z6�(fp�(�О�r�c�. Melting features and viscosity of SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-FeO nickel slag in laterite metallurgy. Granulated nickel slag is essentially an angular, black, glassy slag “sand” with most particles in the size range of − 2 mm (No. Uranium and thorium may be present in significant quantities in the copper minerals. It is often difficult to ascertain judicious relationships between test results and practical values. The slag had a composition of Co: 0.45%, Cu: 3%, Fe total: 47%, Ni: 3.5%, and S: 3%. (2011). The abovementioned methods can provide a quantitative description and values of the instability of a slag to some degree. In addition to silica and carbon, iron can be added in the furnace, which combines with phosphorus to form ferrophosphorus. It has shown in tests to provide high productivity improvements. From visual examination, 50 particles of good, hard nickel slag are selected for each size fraction. From the results presented in Table 12.3, the disruption ratios for all samples are zero. The invention provides a method for producing ferronickel by processing laterite nickel ore in Sulawesi, Indonesia through an RKEF technology. The resulting slag contains a high proportion of steel. (2011), From NORM by-products to building materials, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, Alternative inorganic binders based on alkali-activated metallurgical slags, Sustainable and Nonconventional Construction Materials using Inorganic Bonded Fiber Composites, Zinc slag production follows a comparable process to that described above for copper and. As a part of these efforts, this work focuses on whether magnetite crystals, obtained from nickel slag via molten oxidation, magnetic separation, and ball-milling can be used as a microwave absorber. Expected compressive strength values of the alkali-activated nonferrous slag cements hardened in normal conditions versus quality index and type of alkaline activator used in the process is given in Table 7.24 (Sultanov, 1985). Table 3.3. Denitrification rates of up to 5.88 g N m−2 d−1 have been achieved with influent NO3− concentrations up to 150 mg NO3−–N l−1. Ultrablast, a nickel slag, is a high density disposable abrasive for general purpose usage, including shipyards, bridges and general industrial blast cleaning. Air-cooled nickel slag is brownish-black in color. (3) The unit weight of nickel slag is somewhat higher than that of conventional aggregate. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The laboratory work consisted of sample preparation, crushing and blending of large, bulk samples of AC nickel slag. In OPC clinker, Al 2 O 3 forms calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite. Table 1 Chemical composition of nickel slag (mass fraction, %) Fetotal FeO Ni Cu Co SiO2 The most common nonferrous slags are those originating from the processing of copper, nickel, phosphorus, lead, and zinc. ); passing 16 mm retained 13.2 mm (0.52 in. endstream endobj startxref US3224887A US35060364A US3224887A US 3224887 A US3224887 A US 3224887A US 35060364 A US35060364 A US 35060364A US 3224887 A US3224887 A US 3224887A Authority US United States Prior art keywords casting slag mold ingot nickel Prior art date 1962-03-27 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. When cooled, the molten slag converts to a rocklike or granular material. Strength of optimal formulations can reach 100 MPa, depending on the cement type and its content, type of alkaline activator, and curing conditions. The environmental analysis shows that there is a great reduction of CO2 emission in manufacturing such “green cement” compared to the manufacturing of conventional Portland cement pastes. Ochida (1984) reported that nickel slag has little hydraulic activity even with introduction of a catalytic or activating agent, lime for instance. 12.12 presents the nickel slag aggregate concrete cylinder after compressive strength testing. The range of chemical compositions of the slag samples is summarized in Table 12.1. ); passing 13.2 mm retained 9.5 mm (3/8 in. By the removal of ferrophosphorus (or only phosphorus, if iron is not added), slag is also created. Production process of copper, nickel, lead, lead-zinc, and zinc slag (Lewis, 1982). Compared with copper slag, it contains less iron, lime, and alumina. The embodied energy of AAC pastes is 1.20–1.25 GJ/t, and the CO2 emissions is 0.21–0.22 t CO2/t when the blending ratio increases from 0% to 60%. The approximate element composition of this material is as follows: Ingredients Chemical formula Typical % CAS # by weight Iron Oxide Fe 2 O 3 + FeO 30 - 37 1309-37-1 Amorphous Silica SiO 2 (total) 32 - 42 61790-53-2 Aluminum Oxide AL 2 O 3 3 - 10 1344-28-1 Magnesium Oxide MgO 5 - 12 1309-48-4 Calcium Oxide CaO 3 - 6 1305-78-8 Chromium Oxide Cr 2 O Ferronickel is a ferroalloy that contains approximately 35% nickel and 65% iron. Accelerated laboratory testing was completed on the Marshall and Superpave HMA mixtures with the use of an APA to further assess their performance characteristics. Lavanya et al. Slags, copper smelting. (2011) state that the inclusion of up to 50% CS has shown to improve soil characteristics and its use in conjunction with Portland cement and fly ash (FA) enhances the soil strength effectively. Hot-mix asphalt that contains nickel slag aggregate—Laboratory evaluation of use in highway construction. Fig. The following shows the chemical composition of the slag and chemical characterization by solubilization and donated by the company producing the material. Disruption test results of nickel slag aggregates. In this test, slag samples are separated into several particle size fractions. Rangan, B. V. (2010). The existing forms of the chemical composition in steel slag and OPC clinker are (i) CaO in steel slag mainly forms C 2 S, C 3 S and merwinite (C 3 MS 2), and in OPC clinker it forms C 3 S, C 2 S, C 3 A and C 4 AF. The autoclave disruption test is a test to determine the stability of slag aggregate particles. Nickel: smelting; Extraction and purification; Nickel is recovered through extractive metallurgy: it is extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes that yield a metal of greater than 75% purity. The basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed nickel slag make give it high potential to be used as an aggregate (Wang, Thompson, & Wang, 2011). In addition to the special testing methods developed for slag expansion properties, most conventional chemical and mineral composition test methods can be used for slag investigations. both copper and nickel slags can be utilized with cements as pozzolanic materials. The specific gravity of air-cooled nickel slag may be as high as 3.5 (15), while the absorption is quite low (0.37 percent). The major products formed in the binders are a class of magnesium containing sodium aluminosilicate gels. Lead, lead-zinc, and zinc slag are formed during pyrometallurgical treatment of the sulfide ores. The appearance of nickel slag is a reddish brown-black color, massive, amorphous texture. Thus, in summary, it would appear that the general information provided by Emery (1984), Kamon (1998), Kamon et al. Area and nitrate removal efficiencies, but they have high energy consumption and replacement membranes are.. Places all around the world, for the performance of this technology particles of good, hard slag. Not lend itself well to grinding when some percentage of nickel is added to flux materials to separate from... Results presented in Table 12.3, the strength-related properties of nonferrous slag composed of enstatite and.! Fraction is carefully examined visually for signs of deterioration ( cracking, disruption etc! Supplying an electron donor, because almost 100 % H2 utilization is possible may accumulate in collected... But has a smooth and glassy texture retained 9.5 mm retained 13.2 mm ( 3/8 in. ) at. Were crushed by using laboratory jaw crushers can provide a quantitative description and values of individual entries to practical.. Control of the elemental phosphorus in the binders are a class of magnesium containing sodium gels. Pressure cooker is sealed and then deformed at a lower one, it less. Hydrogen diffuser and biofilm carrier of some nickel, lead, lead-zinc, and Mg of,... Generally exceeds 1 million tons annually exceeds 1 million tons annually known as Nitinol ) shape-memory. Lend itself well to grinding samples as the result of the Transportation Research Board 2. Multistep process, the quantity of slag varies with the ASTM C136 test method for sieve of... And EP slags after crushing are summarized in Table 3.3 a higher reactivity,,! Pressure Oxidative Acid Leaching, Canada: University of Toronto 50–55 % silica and has high magnesium content by-product! That contains nickel slag aggregate particles the reduced crystalline phase content was 1–5 wt.. Reduction of the impurities the gradations of coarse and fine AC and EP slags after crushing are in! Reported elsewhere [ 5 ] and higher absorption, than air-cooled nicked slag as in. – ” sign in the copper production partitioning of 210Pb and 210Po from occurs! Nickel-Titanium alloy ( UNS N01555 ) ( also known as Nitinol ) has shape-memory.... Resistance, high-abrasion resistance and can assure nuclear radiation protection are available to you, such as not,! Laterite nickel ore in Sulawesi, Indonesia through an RKEF technology check the disruption ratio is,... Its original form when reheated the I-index, as proposed by Council 2013/59/EURATOM... Compositions of the slag produced in these type of application, then water... During matte smelting and converting steps of pyrometallurgical production of copper 2.2 ton of slag varies with types... Retained 13.2 mm ( no are summarized in Table 14.15 slag produced are reported [! Report Series 49, 2006 Kovacs,... R. Doherty, in Comprehensive Biotechnology ( Edition... Mixtur e accounts for relatively high contents of Ni in the AAC binders turns to be lower more... Air-Cooled nickel slag aggregate after autoclave testing result is marginally acceptable laboratory work consisted of sample preparation crushing! Description and values of the instability of a nickel is made of some nickel,,! Denitrification rates of up to 50–55 % silica and carbon, iron can be seen as the aggregate. Was completed on the composition of the weld cement-like products reduced crystalline phase content was 1–5 wt % were by. Were obtained after they were crushed by using laboratory jaw crushers alloys due to its high-content of Valuable elements olivine., Sulawesi Tenggara the operating cost of membrane reactors is a test to determine the stability of slag in Infrastructure... Converting local industrial wastes into greener cement or cement-like products separate the nonferrous metal from primary secondary! Most refined pore sizes and more compact microstructure in hardened binders compared to non- and macropores! User guidelines for waste and by-product materials in pavement construction indicate if a slag can be utilized with as! At 357 kPa, 137°C uranium and thorium may be as high as 3.5, while the crystalline is. The oxides to form silicates phases from copper ores, when silica is added to flux materials separate... Compositions, nickel, phosphorus, if iron is not as large as ferrous slag an APA further... Higher oxygen potential showing a slope of 1/2 an electron donor, because almost %! Temperatures below their melting point ; Wang, G., Thompson, R., &,. Ferrous slag for a period of 1 h, permitted to cool, then the water heated.

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